Latin, from the first word

How Latin sounds, the verb “to be”, and why the endings of words matter more than their order.

1. 1Salvē! How Latin soundsRead Latin aloud the way the Romans did, and say hello.6 min
2. 2Est: saying who someone is“Julia is a girl”, “Marcus is a sailor”, and why Latin needs no “a” or “the”.7 min
3. 3Sum: I am, you areThe whole verb “to be”, and the six endings that tell you who.8 min
4. 4Why endings matterHow Latin shows who does what to whom, whatever the word order.8 min
5. 5Unit test: Sounds and first wordsSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

All five cases of puella, the verbs like amō, and a first story.

1. 1One girl, many girlsSingular and plural, subject and object: puella, puellae, puellam, puellās.8 min
2. 2Amō: the present tenseVerbs like amō, “I love”, in all six persons.8 min
3. 3Of, to, with: the other three casesGenitive, dative and ablative, and the whole first declension.10 min
4. 4Reading: Iūlia et nautaeA first story, and questions on it.8 min
5. 5Unit test: The first declension and the present tenseSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Nouns like servus, puer and bellum, adjectives that agree, and verbs like moneō.

1. 1Servus, dominus: the second declensionA second family of nouns, mostly masculine, ending in -us.8 min
2. 2Puer, ager, bellumSecond-declension nouns in -er, and neuters in -um.9 min
3. 3Bonus, bona, bonum: adjectivesAdjectives take the gender, number and case of their noun.9 min
4. 4Moneō: the second conjugationVerbs with -ē-: moneō, habeō, videō, timeō, and asking a question with -ne.8 min
5. 5Reading: Mārcus et equusA boy, a friend, and a large horse in a field.8 min
6. 6Unit test: The second declension and adjectivesSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Where to and where from, what the ablative does on its own, and two new tenses: was doing and will do.

1. 1Where to, where fromPrepositions with the accusative and with the ablative, and the two meanings of in.9 min
2. 2The ablative on its ownWith a sword, with great care, at the first hour: the ablative without a preposition.8 min
3. 3Amābam: the imperfectWhat was going on, or used to happen: -bā- and eram.9 min
4. 4Amābō: the futureWill do: the future of the first two conjugations, and erō.8 min
5. 5Reading: TempestāsYoung sailors, an old one, and a storm.8 min
6. 6Unit test: Prepositions, the ablative, past and futureSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

The largest family of nouns (rēx, nōmen, urbs), the other two conjugations, and how to give an order.

1. 1Rēx, rēgis: the third declensionNouns whose stem hides in the genitive.9 min
2. 2Urbs, mare, nāvis: i-stemsThird-declension nouns with an i in the genitive plural, and the sea.8 min
3. 3Regō, capiō, audiōThe third and fourth conjugations in the present.9 min
4. 4Regēbam, regam: past and futureThe imperfect and future of the third and fourth conjugations.9 min
5. 5Venī! Commands and calling someoneThe imperative, nōlī, and the vocative.7 min
6. 6Reading: Mīles fīdusA bad king, a loyal soldier, and enemies at night.9 min
7. 7Unit test: The third declension; regō and audiōSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Principal parts, and three tenses built on the perfect stem: vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.

1. 1Principal partsThe four forms every Latin verb is learned by.8 min
2. 2Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī: the perfectWhat happened, once and for all.8 min
3. 3Was doing, or did?The imperfect and the perfect side by side: the background and the event.8 min
4. 4Had done, will have doneThe pluperfect and the future perfect.8 min
5. 5Reading: Arīōn et delphīnusA famous singer, greedy sailors, and a dolphin.9 min
6. 6Unit test: The perfect systemSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Ego and tū, is and suus, hic and ille, and the relative quī, quae, quod.

1. 1Ego, tū, nōs, vōsMe and you, us and you all, and the words for “my” and “your”.8 min
2. 2Is, ea, id; suus“He, she, it, they”, and the difference between eius and suus.9 min
3. 3Hic and ille“This” and “that”, and how they turn into “the latter” and “the former”.8 min
4. 4Quī, quae, quodWho, which, that: joining two sentences with the relative pronoun.10 min
5. 5Reading: Vulpēs et ūvaeAesop’s fox and the grapes, in Latin.8 min
6. 6Unit test: PronounsSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Adjectives like omnis, nouns like manus and rēs, and verbs that say what is done to the subject.

1. 1Omnis, fortis, ingēnsThird-declension adjectives.8 min
2. 2Manus and rēsThe fourth and fifth declensions, and the special forms of domus.9 min
3. 3Amor: the passive voiceIs loved, was being loved, will be loved; and who did it, ā or ab.10 min
4. 4Amātus est: the perfect passiveWas loved, had been loved: the participle and sum.9 min
5. 5Reading: Rōmulus et RemusThe founding of Rome, told the Roman way.10 min
6. 6Unit test: The last declensions, and the passiveSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Verbs that look passive but mean active, and the everyday verbs that go their own way: possum, volō, eō, ferō, fīō.

1. 1Loquor: deponent verbsVerbs that are passive in form and active in meaning.9 min
2. 2Morior, patior, ūtorMore deponents, the ablative with ūtor, and verbs that are only half deponent.9 min
3. 3Possum: I canPossum, and the infinitive that finishes its meaning.8 min
4. 4Volō, nōlō, mālōWant, not want, prefer: three irregular verbs.8 min
5. 5Eō and ferōGo and carry: two short verbs with a great many compounds.9 min
6. 6Fīō: become, happenThe passive of faciō, and a look back over the unit.7 min
7. 7Reading: Daedalus et ĪcarusThe inventor, his son, and wings of feathers and wax.10 min
8. 8Unit test: Deponent and irregular verbsSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Verbs used as adjectives: captus, “captured”; currēns, “running”; moritūrus, “about to die”. Then the ablative absolute, on every page of Caesar and Vergil.

1. 1Captus: the perfect participleA verb used as an adjective: urbs capta, “the captured city”.9 min
2. 2Currēns: the present participleCalling, running, singing: the participle of the same time.9 min
3. 3Futūrus: the future participle“About to”: the third participle, and all three side by side.8 min
4. 4Urbe captā: the ablative absoluteA noun and a participle in the ablative, standing apart from the rest of the sentence.10 min
5. 5Reading: Horātius CoclesOne man holds the bridge while Rome cuts it down behind him. From Livy.11 min
6. 6Unit test: Participles and the ablative absoluteSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

How Latin reports what someone says, thinks or knows: dīcit patrem venīre, “he says that his father is coming”.

1. 1Six infinitivesTo love, to be loved, to have loved: every infinitive, active and passive.8 min
2. 2Dīcit eum venīreReporting what someone says or thinks: the accusative and infinitive.9 min
3. 3Before, during, afterThe tense of the infinitive, and translating when the main verb is past.9 min
4. 4Sē, negō, and dīciturWho is “he”? The reflexive in reported speech, negō, and “he is said to”.9 min
5. 5Reading: Mūcius ScaevolaA young Roman, the wrong man, and a hand in the fire. From Livy.11 min
6. 6Unit test: Infinitives and indirect statementSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Higher and highest, bravely and more bravely, one to a thousand, and three pronouns every page uses: ipse, īdem, quis.

1. 1Altior: the comparativeMore, rather, too: -ior, and two ways to say “than”.9 min
2. 2Optimus: the superlativeMost, very: -issimus, and the adjectives that compare irregularly.9 min
3. 3Fortiter: adverbsHow something is done: -ē and -iter, and comparing adverbs.8 min
4. 4Ūnus, duo, trēsCounting to a thousand, first to tenth, and the nine adjectives that go like ūnus.10 min
5. 5Ipse, īdem, quisHimself, the same, and asking “who?”9 min
6. 6Reading: Horātiī et CūriātiīThree brothers against three, and one clever retreat. From Livy.10 min
7. 7Unit test: Comparison, numbers and pronounsSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

A new mood for things intended, possible or reported, and its first two uses: ut “in order to” and ut “so that”.

1. 1Amem, moneam: the present subjunctiveA new mood, and how to recognize its present tense.9 min
2. 2Amārem: the imperfect subjunctiveThe easiest tense in Latin: the infinitive plus an ending.7 min
3. 3Ut and nē: purposeIn order to, so as not to: why someone did something.10 min
4. 4Tam … ut: resultSo much that, so many that: what happened as a result.9 min
5. 5Purpose or result?Two clauses with the same ut, and how to tell them apart.8 min
6. 6Reading: Androclēs et leōA runaway slave, a thorn, and a lion that remembers. From Aulus Gellius.11 min
7. 7Unit test: The subjunctive: purpose and resultSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

The last two subjunctive tenses, cum meaning “when”, “since” or “although”, the sequence of tenses, and reported questions.

1. 1Amāverim, amāvissemThe perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, and all four tenses side by side.8 min
2. 2Cum: when, since, althoughThe conjunction cum with the subjunctive, and how to choose its meaning.9 min
3. 3The sequence of tensesWhich subjunctive to expect: primary and secondary, same time and before.8 min
4. 4Rogat quid faciāsIndirect questions: asking, knowing and wondering.9 min
5. 5Reading: Pȳramus et ThisbēTwo lovers, a wall, a lioness and a mulberry tree. From Ovid.12 min
6. 6Unit test: Cum clauses and indirect questionsSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Reported commands, timeō nē, “let us”, the gerund and gerundive, and Carthāgō dēlenda est.

1. 1Imperat ut pugnentIndirect commands: ordering, begging, urging and persuading.9 min
2. 2Timeō nē: fear clausesAfter “I fear”, nē means “that” and ut means “that … not”.8 min
3. 3Gaudeāmus: the subjunctive on its ownLet us, let him, what am I to do, if only: the subjunctive in a main clause.8 min
4. 4Ad urbem capiendamThe gerund, a verbal noun, and the gerundive, a verbal adjective.10 min
5. 5Carthāgō dēlenda estMust be done: the passive periphrastic and the dative of agent.8 min
6. 6Reading: RēgulusA Roman prisoner, a promise, and the senate. From Cicero.11 min
7. 7Unit test: Commands, fears, wishes, and “must”Sixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

If, unless, if only it had been: every kind of condition, the relative clause of characteristic, dum, and a review before the long reading.

1. 1Sī and nisiReal conditions: simple, and future more vivid.8 min
2. 2Sī adesset: unreal conditionsShould and would, were and would, had and would have.10 min
3. 3Sunt quī, and dumThe kind of person who…, and three words for time: dum, dōnec, priusquam.9 min
4. 4Which subjunctive?Every use from this level in one place, and practice telling them apart.10 min
5. 5Reading: Orpheus et EurydicēA singer goes down to the dead for his wife, on one condition. From Vergil and Ovid.14 min
6. 6Unit test: Conditions, and the whole subjunctiveSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

How experienced readers take a long sentence apart, the words of Caesar’s army, and the opening of the Gallic War exactly as he wrote it.

1. 1Find the verbRead the whole sentence, find the main verb, then its subject.8 min
2. 2Box the clausesBracket each clause, read the main clause, then open the brackets.8 min
3. 3Caesar’s armyThe camp, the march, the battle line: phrases Caesar uses on every page.8 min
4. 4Reading: Gallia est omnis dīvīsaThe first sentences of Caesar’s Gallic War, as he wrote them.12 min
5. 5Reading: fortissimī sunt BelgaeWhy Caesar calls the Belgae the bravest of the Gauls.12 min
6. 6Unit test: Reading real sentencesSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

How a Roman letter works, how Pliny makes a story vivid, and the death of his uncle in AD 79: first adapted, then in Pliny’s own words.

1. 1A letter to TacitusWho Pliny was, how a Roman letter opens and closes, and the words of an eruption.8 min
2. 2Telling it vividlyThe historical present, iam … iam, and “the closer, the hotter”.8 min
3. 3Reading: nūbēs ingēnsA strange cloud over the bay, and an uncle who wants a closer look. Adapted.11 min
4. 4Reading: fortēs fortūna iuvatA letter begging for rescue, and the admiral turns toward the mountain. Adapted.11 min
5. 5Reading: Pliny’s own wordsThree sentences of the letter as Pliny wrote them.12 min
6. 6Unit test: Pliny: the eruption of VesuviusFourteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

Three more of the AP letters: the haunted house at Athens, a fire and the emperor Trajan’s answer, and Pliny missing Calpurnia.

1. 1Reading: the house at AthensA cheap house, a philosopher, and chains in the night. Adapted from Letters 7.27.11 min
2. 2Reading: what the ghost wantedThe ghost leads the way, and the ending in Pliny’s own words.12 min
3. 3Pliny and Trajan: a fire at NicomediaA governor asks for a fire brigade, and the emperor says no.12 min
4. 4Reading: to CalpurniaA whole letter, exactly as Pliny wrote it: he misses his wife.12 min

Words far from their partners, crossed and interlocked patterns, poets’ short forms, and the first lines of the Aeneid.

1. 1Words far apartHyperbaton: pairing an adjective with a noun lines away, by its ending.9 min
2. 2Crossed and interlockedChiasmus, synchysis, and the golden line.8 min
3. 3Poets’ short forms-ēre for -ērunt, -um for -ōrum, shortened perfects, and words left out.8 min
4. 4Reading: Arma virumque canōThe first seven lines of the Aeneid.13 min
5. 5Reading: Mūsa, mihi causās memorāVergil asks the Muse why a goddess hates so good a man.12 min
6. 6Unit test: Poetic LatinSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

The rhythm of Vergil: long and short syllables, elision, the six feet, and scanning real lines of the Aeneid.

1. 1Long and short syllablesLong by nature, long by position, and the few exceptions.9 min
2. 2ElisionWhen one word’s last vowel runs into the next word’s first.7 min
3. 3Six feetDactyls and spondees, and how every hexameter ends.9 min
4. 4Scanning VergilFour more lines from Aeneid 1, and the caesura.11 min
5. 5Unit test: The dactylic hexameterSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Sound, arrangement and meaning: the devices the AP exam asks you to name and explain, found in Vergil’s storm.

1. 1Figures of soundAlliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.8 min
2. 2Figures of arrangementAnaphora, asyndeton, polysyndeton, tricolon, enjambment.9 min
3. 3Figures of meaningSimile, personification, apostrophe, metonymy, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, hendiadys.10 min
4. 4Reading: the stormAeolus sets the winds loose on Aeneas’s fleet. Aeneid 1.81–91.13 min
5. 5Writing about styleName it, quote it, explain it: the three steps of an AP answer.8 min
6. 6Unit test: Figures of speechSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Three AP passages from Books 1 and 2, read with help: Aeneas in the storm, Laocoön and the horse, Hector’s ghost. Then how the exam scores a translation.

1. 1Reading: Ō terque quaterque beātīAeneas’s first words in the poem: he wishes he had died at Troy. Aeneid 1.92–101.14 min
2. 2Reading: timeō DanaōsLaocoön warns the Trojans against the wooden horse. Aeneid 2.40–49.14 min
3. 3Reading: Hector’s ghostOn Troy’s last night, the dead Hector appears to Aeneas in a dream. Aeneid 2.268–276.13 min
4. 4Translating for the examLiteral, complete, exact in tense and case: how a translation is scored.10 min

A method for Latin you have never seen, tried on Martial and Ovid; how the AP exam is built; and where to go from here.

1. 1Reading at sightA method for a passage you have never seen before.8 min
2. 2At sight: MartialThree epigrams: short, sharp, and ending on a twist.11 min
3. 3At sight: Ovid’s DaphneA nymph becomes a laurel tree, in five lines of the Metamorphoses.12 min
4. 4The AP examWhat is on it, how long it takes, and what each part asks.7 min
5. 5Where to go from hereYou have finished Level III. Next, the AP syllabus itself, in Level IV.6 min
6. 6Unit test: At sight, and on to the examSixteen questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.8 min

Letters 6.16 and 6.20 from start to finish: why Pliny writes, the cloud, the rescue, his uncle’s death, and his own night of ash at Misenum.

1. 1Letters 6.16.1–3: facere scrībendaTacitus has asked for an account of the elder Pliny’s death. Pliny explains why the request honors his uncle.12 min
2. 2Letters 6.16.5–7: the cloud like a pineThe scholar sees a cloud like a pine tree rise over the bay, and decides to take a closer look.14 min
3. 3Letters 6.16.8–10: from scholar to rescuerA desperate note from Rectina changes the plan: the admiral launches the warships and steers into danger.14 min
4. 4Letters 6.16.12–16: calm at StabiaeAt Pomponianus’s house the admiral bathes, dines and sleeps, and in the morning they choose between falling roofs and falling stones.15 min
5. 5Letters 6.16.17–22: the end on the shoreDarkness at midday, the smell of sulfur, and the admiral’s death; then Pliny’s last word on letters and history.14 min
6. 6Letters 6.20.1–10: a night at MisenumTacitus asks for more. Pliny, seventeen, reads Livy through an earthquake, until the sea draws back and a family friend loses patience.15 min
7. 7Letters 6.20.11–20: in the darkPliny’s mother begs him to leave her; the darkness overtakes the crowd; and at last a pale sun on a world covered in ash.15 min
8. 8Unit test: Pliny: VesuviusEight questions from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.5 min

The other Pliny letters the AP sets, as he wrote them: the ghost stories for Sura, two letters to his wife Calpurnia, and the governor writing to Trajan about a doctor and two cities’ water.

1. 1Letters 7.27.1–4: are ghosts real?Pliny asks a learned friend whether ghosts exist, and tells the story of Curtius Rufus and the woman who called herself Africa.13 min
2. 2Letters 7.27.5–6: the house at AthensIn Pliny’s own words: the clank of chains in the night, the old man in fetters, and the house left empty to its monster.13 min
3. 3Letters 7.27.7–11: Athenodorus keeps writingA philosopher rents the cheap house anyway, sits down to write, and follows the ghost to where the bones lie.15 min
4. 4Letters 7.27.12–16: haircuts in the nightPliny’s own evidence: two of his household wake up shorn, and he escapes a trial. Then he asks Sura for a verdict.14 min
5. 5Letters 6.4: to Calpurnia, awayHis wife has gone to Campania to recover. Pliny, kept in Rome by work, imagines the worst and asks for a letter every day.13 min
6. 6Letters 6.7: reading each other’s lettersCalpurnia keeps his books where he used to be; Pliny rereads her letters as if they were new, and they make it worse.12 min
7. 7Letters 10.5–7: a doctor’s citizenshipGovernor to emperor: Pliny asks Trajan to make his doctor a Roman citizen, finds he has done it in the wrong order, and asks again.14 min
8. 8Letters 10.37 and 10.90: water for two citiesGovernor Pliny finds two abandoned aqueducts at Nicomedia, and a thirsty colony at Sinope, and asks Trajan for help.13 min

The first book’s AP passages in order: the proem and Juno’s anger, the storm that breaks on Aeneas and his first despairing words, and Dido at her temple, likened to Diana.

1. 1Aeneid 1.1–7: arma virumqueSeven lines that set out the whole poem: a man driven by fate, a goddess’s anger, and at the end of it all, the walls of Rome.13 min
2. 2Aeneid 1.8–18: the Muse, and CarthageVergil asks the Muse why a goddess would torment so good a man, then shows us the city Juno loves.13 min
3. 3Aeneid 1.19–33: tantae mōlis eratJuno’s reasons: a prophecy against her Carthage, an old war, a beauty contest lost, and a Trojan boy taken up to heaven.15 min
4. 4Aeneid 1.88–101: Ō terque quaterque beātīJuno’s storm hits. Darkness, thunder and lightning, and the hero’s first words in the poem: a wish that he had died at Troy.14 min
5. 5Aeneid 1.102–107: a mountain of waterSix lines of shipwreck in sound and meter: the gale screams, oars snap, and a sheer wall of sea crashes down.11 min
6. 6Aeneid 1.496–508: Dido like DianaAeneas, hidden in a cloud, sees the queen of Carthage arrive at her temple, as radiant as Diana among her nymphs.14 min

Laocoön’s spear and his death in the serpents’ coils, the horse dragged into Troy, and then Dido: a city left unbuilt for love, a storm, a cave, and Rumor on the wing.

1. 1Aeneid 2.40–56: Laocoön’s spearThe priest warns the Trojans against the gift, then drives his spear into the horse, and it groans.13 min
2. 2Aeneid 2.201–227: the serpentsTwo serpents cross the calm sea from Tenedos, kill Laocoön’s sons, then the priest himself, and vanish into Minerva’s temple.15 min
3. 3Aeneid 2.228–249: the horse comes inThe Trojans read the omen wrong, break down their own walls, and haul the horse, pregnant with soldiers, to the citadel, singing.14 min
4. 4Aeneid 4.74–89: a city stands stillDido, wounded by love, shows Aeneas her city, asks for his story again, lies on his couch at night, and lets Carthage go unbuilt.14 min
5. 5Aeneid 4.165–177: the cave, and RumorA storm drives the hunting party apart; Dido and Aeneas shelter in the same cave; Nature stages a wedding; and Rumor starts to run.13 min
6. 6Aeneid 4.178–197: FamaVergil’s monster of Rumor: all feathers, eyes, tongues and ears, spreading true and false alike, until she reaches a jealous king.14 min

Dido’s reproach and Aeneas’s answer, their last meeting among the shades, and Anchises showing his son Augustus and the arts of Rome.

1. 1Aeneid 4.305–319: Mēne fugis?Dido has learned that Aeneas is secretly readying his ships. She confronts him.15 min
2. 2Aeneid 4.320–330: parvulus AenēāsWhat Dido has lost for him, enemies all round, and the child she wishes she had.13 min
3. 3Aeneid 4.331–347: hic amor, haec patria estAeneas answers, holding his feelings down: he owes her everything, he never promised marriage, and his love is Italy.15 min
4. 4Aeneid 4.347–361: Ītaliam nōn sponte sequorAeneas turns Dido’s own exile against her, names his father’s ghost, his son and Mercury, and stops.14 min
5. 5Aeneid 6.450–476: Dido among the shadesIn the Fields of Mourning Aeneas meets Dido, weeps, swears he left unwillingly, and gets no answer.15 min
6. 6Aeneid 6.788–800: AugustusAnchises shows his son the Romans to come, and points to the man who will bring back the golden age.13 min
7. 7Aeneid 6.847–853: tū regere imperiōOthers will make finer statues and speeches; the Roman’s arts are ruling, peace, mercy, and war on the proud.12 min

The war in Italy and the people Aeneas must fight: King Latinus and his daughter, Turnus in his blazing helmet, and Camilla the warrior, whose childhood Diana tells.

1. 1Aeneid 7.45–58: maius opusVergil begins the second half of the poem: an old king at peace, a daughter of age to marry, and portents against the obvious match.12 min
2. 2Aeneid 7.783–792: Turnus in armsAt the end of the catalogue of Italian heroes, Turnus: a head taller than all, a fire-breathing Chimaera on his helmet, and Io on his shield.12 min
3. 3Aeneid 7.803–817: CamillaLast in the catalogue rides Camilla, a warrior girl who could run over the grain without bending it, and all Italy turns out to stare.13 min
4. 4Aeneid 11.532–551: Diana remembersCamilla rides to her last battle. In heaven, Diana tells a nymph how Camilla’s father fled with her as a baby and came to a flooded river.14 min
5. 5Aeneid 11.552–572: a baby on a spearMetabus ties his daughter to his spear, vows her to Diana, and hurls her across the river; then raises her in the wild on a mare’s milk.14 min
6. 6Aeneid 11.573–594: a huntress grows upCamilla’s childhood with a spear and sling, the mothers who wanted her as a daughter-in-law, and Diana’s order to avenge her.14 min

Jupiter and Juno settle the future of Italy, and Aeneas faces Turnus, wounded and begging, with Pallas’s belt on his shoulder. The last lines of the poem.

1. 1Aeneid 12.791–812: Jupiter and JunoAs the duel nears, Jupiter tells Juno to stop. She yields, and says she would be fighting in the front line if she had not.14 min
2. 2Aeneid 12.818–828: let Troy stay fallenJuno’s one request: when Trojans and Latins unite, let the Latins keep their name, their language and their dress.13 min
3. 3Aeneid 12.919–938: Turnus begsAeneas’s spear strikes Turnus down. The Rutulian, on his knees, admits defeat, and asks to be returned to his father.14 min
4. 4Aeneid 12.938–952: Pallās tē immolatAeneas hesitates, sees Pallas’s belt on Turnus’s shoulder, and kills him in fury. The poem ends.15 min

209 words from the AP list, a to custos, in 18 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1a to addoTwelve words: a, abeo, absum, accedo…8 min
2. 2adeo to aequusTwelve words: adeo, adhuc, adsum, adsurgo…8 min
3. 3aestas to alienusTwelve words: aestas, aetas, aether, affirmo…8 min
4. 4aliqui to amoTwelve words: aliqui, aliquis, alius, alter…8 min
5. 5amor to antiquusTwelve words: amor, amplector, an, ancilla…8 min
6. 6anxius to arcusTwelve words: anxius, aperio, appareo, appello…8 min
7. 7ardens to aterTwelve words: ardens, ardeo, area, arena…8 min
8. 8Athenae to aureusTwelve words: Athenae, athleta, atque, atrium…8 min
9. 9auris to biboTwelve words: auris, aurum, aut, autem…8 min
10. 10bonus to canoTwelve words: bonus, brevis, cado, caedes…8 min
11. 11capillus to causaTwelve words: capillus, capio, caput, carmen…8 min
12. 12caveo to ceterusEleven words: caveo, cedo, celebro, celer…8 min
13. 13cibus to classisEleven words: cibus, cingo, cinis, circum…8 min
14. 14Claudia to committoEleven words: Claudia, claudo, cliens, clipeus…8 min
15. 15commodus to consulEleven words: commodus, commoveo, comparo, compono…8 min
16. 16consulo to corpusEleven words: consulo, consumo, contendo, contingo…8 min
17. 17corripio to cunctorEleven words: corripio, cotidie, cras, credo…8 min
18. 18cunctus to custosEleven words: cunctus, cupiditas, cupio, cur…8 min
19. 19Unit test: A, B and CTwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

128 words from the AP list, Danai to futurus, in 11 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1Danai to deniqueTwelve words: Danai, de, dea, debeo…8 min
2. 2densus to DidoTwelve words: densus, descendo, desero, desum…8 min
3. 3dies to divaTwelve words: dies, difficilis, digitus, dignus…8 min
4. 4dives to dubiusTwelve words: dives, divus, do, doceo…8 min
5. 5duco to enimTwelve words: duco, dulcis, dum, duo…8 min
6. 6eo to excipioTwelve words: eo, epistula, eques, equidem…8 min
7. 7excito to fabulaTwelve words: excito, exemplum, exerceo, exercitus…8 min
8. 8facies to feroEleven words: facies, facilis, facio, fama…8 min
9. 9ferox to fioEleven words: ferox, ferrum, ferus, festino…8 min
10. 10flamma to fortasseEleven words: flamma, flecto, fleo, flos…8 min
11. 11forte to futurusEleven words: forte, fortis, fortuna, forum…8 min
12. 12Unit test: D, E and FTwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

115 words from the AP list, Gaius to iuxta, in 10 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1Gaius to gradusTwelve words: Gaius, gaudeo, gaudium, geminus…8 min
2. 2gratia to herbaTwelve words: gratia, gratus, gravis, habeo…8 min
3. 3heri to horreoTwelve words: heri, hic, hic, hiems…8 min
4. 4hortus to ibiTwelve words: hortus, hospes, hostis, huc…8 min
5. 5idem to imperiumTwelve words: idem, igitur, ignavus, ignis…8 min
6. 6impetus to induoEleven words: impetus, implico, impono, in…8 min
7. 7infans to inspicioEleven words: infans, infelix, inferus, ingenium…8 min
8. 8insula to introEleven words: insula, intellego, intendo, intentus…8 min
9. 9invenio to iterEleven words: invenio, invitus, ipse, ira…8 min
10. 10iterum to iuxtaEleven words: iterum, iubeo, iudex, iugum…8 min
11. 11Unit test: G, H and ITwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

151 words from the AP list, labor to nympha, in 13 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1labor to laudoTwelve words: labor, laboro, lacrima, lacrimo…8 min
2. 2laus to liberiTwelve words: laus, lavo, lectus, legatus…8 min
3. 3libero to longeTwelve words: libero, liberta, libertas, libertus…8 min
4. 4longus to magisterTwelve words: longus, loquor, Lucilius, ludo…8 min
5. 5magnus to medicusTwelve words: magnus, malo, malum, malus…8 min
6. 6medium to metuoTwelve words: medium, medius, membrum, memini…8 min
7. 7metus to modusTwelve words: metus, meus, miles, mille…8 min
8. 8moenia to moxTwelve words: moenia, mollis, moneo, mons…8 min
9. 9mulier to narroEleven words: mulier, multitudo, multum, multus…8 min
10. 10nascor to neglegoEleven words: nascor, natura, natus, nauta…8 min
11. 11nego to noloEleven words: nego, negotium, nemo, nemus…8 min
12. 12nomen to nubesEleven words: nomen, non, nondum, nonne…8 min
13. 13nubila to nymphaEleven words: nubila, nullus, num, numen…8 min
14. 14Unit test: L, M and NTwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

147 words from the AP list, o to quotus, in 13 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1o to oppidumTwelve words: o, ob, obscurus, occido…8 min
2. 2ops to otiumTwelve words: ops, opto, opus, ora…8 min
3. 3paene to parvusTwelve words: paene, Pallas, palma, panis…8 min
4. 4pater to pelloTwelve words: pater, patior, patria, patrona…8 min
5. 5pendeo to pharetraEleven words: pendeo, per, perdo, pereo…8 min
6. 6pictura to ponoEleven words: pictura, placeo, plaudo, plenus…8 min
7. 7pons to postquamEleven words: pons, populus, Porcius, porta…8 min
8. 8potens to priorEleven words: potens, potestas, praemium, praesidium…8 min
9. 9prius to prosumEleven words: prius, priusquam, pro, procul…8 min
10. 10provincia to pumexEleven words: provincia, proximus, prudens, prudentia…8 min
11. 11punio to quasiEleven words: punio, puto, qua, quaero…8 min
12. 12quater to quisEleven words: quater, qui, quia, quicumque…8 min
13. 13quisquam to quotusEleven words: quisquam, quisque, quisquis, quo…8 min
14. 14Unit test: O, P and QTwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

119 words from the AP list, rapio to suus, in 10 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1rapio to reliquusTwelve words: rapio, ratio, recipio, recito…8 min
2. 2requiro to rursusTwelve words: requiro, res, resideo, respicio…8 min
3. 3rusticus to sapiensTwelve words: rusticus, sacer, sacrificium, saeculum…8 min
4. 4sapientia to sedesTwelve words: sapientia, satis, saxum, scelestus…8 min
5. 5sella to servusTwelve words: sella, semper, senator, senatus…8 min
6. 6severus to sinusTwelve words: severus, si, sic, sidus…8 min
7. 7sive to sordidusTwelve words: sive, socius, sol, soleo…8 min
8. 8soror to statuaTwelve words: soror, sors, spatium, spectaculum…8 min
9. 9sterno to sumTwelve words: sterno, stilus, sto, stola…8 min
10. 10summus to suusEleven words: summus, sumo, super, superbus…8 min
11. 11Unit test: R and STwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min

123 words from the AP list, taberna to vultus, in 11 lessons of about twelve, then a unit test. Know them already? Take the test first.

1. 1taberna to tantum modoTwelve words: taberna, tabula, taceo, tacitus…8 min
2. 2tantus to tenebraeTwelve words: tantus, tardus, tectum, tego…8 min
3. 3teneo to timorEleven words: teneo, tener, tergum, terra…8 min
4. 4toga to tremorEleven words: toga, tollo, torqueo, tot…8 min
5. 5tristis to tutusEleven words: tristis, Troia, Troianus, tu…8 min
6. 6tuus to unusEleven words: tuus, ubi, ubique, ullus…8 min
7. 7urbs to vehemensEleven words: urbs, usus, uterque, utor…8 min
8. 8vel to vesterEleven words: vel, velut, vendo, venio…8 min
9. 9vestigium to vinculumEleven words: vestigium, vestis, vetus, vexo…8 min
10. 10vinum to vivusEleven words: vinum, vir, virgo, virtus…8 min
11. 11vix to vultusEleven words: vix, voco, volo, voluptas…8 min
12. 12Unit test: T, U and VTwenty words from the whole unit. Pass it to skip what you already know.7 min